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Authors
Chen, Ting
Li, Sicheng
Lan, Tianjiao
Zhang, Wenqiang
Gao, TianFu
Lu, Liyong
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (72404173)
Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2024QG156)
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Article History
Received: 21 April 2025
Accepted: 15 December 2025
First Online: 23 December 2025
Declarations
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: This study used data from the CLHLS. Ethics approval was not required to analyze these data. The CLHLS study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of Peking University (IRB00001052-13074), and written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Additional details of the CLHLS can be found in previous studies. This research was performed in compliance with the World Medical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki, which is a statement of ethical principles for medical research involving human participants.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
