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Article History

Received: 3 May 2024

Accepted: 16 December 2025

First Online: 7 January 2026

Declarations

:

: Specific ethical approval was not required for the 2022 KDHS secondary data analysis. Consequently, a secondary analysis was done under the original consent provided by participants during the data collection process. KDHS is collected by Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) with technical assistance from ICF.Procedures and questionnaires for KDHS are reviewed and approved by ICF Institutional Review Board (IRB). Additionally, KDHS survey protocols are reviewed by the ICF IRB and by a Kenyan IRB accredited by the National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation (NACOSTI). ICF IRB ensures that the survey complies with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services regulations for the protection of human subjects (45 CFR 46), while the Kenyan IRB ensures that the survey complies with laws and norms of the nation.Permission to use the data was obtained from ICF Macro from the URL . The dataset title isKEIR7SV.ZIP. Their user instructions were followed, which included, treating the dataas confidential and no effort should be made to identify any household or individualrespondent interviewed in the survey

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.