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Article History

Received: 15 August 2025

Accepted: 18 December 2025

First Online: 26 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was a secondary analysis of anonymized data from the Newham Residents Survey, provided by the London Borough of Newham. The original survey and its data collection protocols were managed by the London Borough of Newham, which was responsible for obtaining informed consent from all participants at the time of data collection. The survey was compliant with the London Borough of Newham’s information governance and Data Protection, and GDPR rules and regulations. The survey was conducted by Opinion Research Services (ORS). All procedures were carried out in accordance with the ethical guidelines of the Market Research Society (MRS) and the company’s internal research governance and quality assurance procedures. All other data were obtained from openly-available ONS resources. In accordance with the research governance policies of UCL, research using non-identifiable, pre-existing data is exempt from formal ethics review. Therefore, a separate ethics approval was not required for this study. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations, including the UK Data Protection Act 2018.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.