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Authors
Zhong, Yujun
Cao, Jindan
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Article History
Received: 16 September 2025
Accepted: 22 December 2025
First Online: 3 January 2026
Declarations
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: This study represents a secondary analysis of longitudinal cohort data from the CHARLS study (which received ethical approval from the Biomedical Ethics Review Committee of Peking University, IRB00001052-11015). As this analysis utilizes data, no additional ethical approval was required.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
