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Authors
Zhang, Yunan
Cai, Xuanyi
Jiang, Guangxiang
Xu, Wenjie
Ran, Yu
Han, Dongran
Wen, Hongjuan
Liu, Yixing
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) Youth Project (82205315)
Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (2022-JYB-JBZR-021)
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Article History
Received: 21 October 2025
Accepted: 22 December 2025
First Online: 3 January 2026
Declarations
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: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review Board (or Ethics Committee) of Ethics Committee of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (protocol code No: 2023BZYLL1101 and date of approval: 2023.11.10). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. For participants under 18 years of age, written informed consent was obtained from a parent/legal guardian, and assent (or electronic informed consent, as applicable) was obtained from the adolescents prior to participation. Participation was entirely voluntary, and adolescents and their guardians were informed that they could withdraw from the study at any time without any negative consequences. All procedures were conducted in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations (e.g., the Declaration of Helsinki).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
