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Authors
Zhang, Mingdong
Zhao, E.
Sun, Gaofeng
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFC0907203)
Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U1803124)
Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous"Tianshan Talent" High-Level Talent Training Program in Medicine and Health (TSYC202301B073)
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Article History
Received: 14 September 2025
Accepted: 25 December 2025
First Online: 15 January 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical approval for all the CHARLS waves was granted from the Institutional Review Board at Peking University. The IRB approval number for the main household sur vey, including anthropometrics, is IRB00001052-11015; the IRB approval number for biomarker collection, was IRB00001052-11014. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in the surveys. Clinical trial number: not applicable. All procedures were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not Applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
