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Authors
de Oliveira Silva Macêdo, Lillian https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3328-5950
Silva, Cassiano Augusto Braga https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7126-5028
Modelli de Andrade, Luis Gustavo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0230-0766
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Article History
Received: 25 April 2025
Accepted: 25 December 2025
First Online: 2 January 2026
Declarations
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: This study is based on the secondary analysis of publicly available, de-identified data from the 2019 Brazilian National Health Survey (PNS), conducted by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) in partnership with the Ministry of Health. The original PNS survey was approved by the National Research Ethics Committee (CONEP) under protocol number 3.529.376. Informed consent was obtained from all participants and the study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki. No additional ethical approval was required for this secondary analysis.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
