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Article History

Received: 16 August 2025

Accepted: 26 December 2025

First Online: 14 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This was a non-interventional, observational study. The collection of indoor air pollutant data involved only the placement and operation of environmental monitoring devices within residential units; no household residents were tested, interviewed, or interacted with in any way as part of this environmental monitoring. The health outcome data were obtained retrospectively from fully anonymized and aggregated administrative records (the Dalian Centers for Disease Control and Prevention database), which contained no personal identifiers.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.