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Authors
Gottlieb, Michael
Yu, Huihui
Chen, Ji
Spatz, Erica S.
Gentile, Nicole L.
Geyer, Rachel E.
Santangelo, Michelle
Malicki, Caitlin
Gatling, Kristyn
O’Laughlin, Kelli N.
Stephens, Kari A.
Elmore, Joann G.
Wisk, Lauren E.
L’Hommedieu, Michelle
Rodriguez, Robert M.
Montoy, Juan Carlos C.
Wang, Ralph C.
Rising, Kristin L.
Kean, Efrat
Dyal, Jonathan W.
Hill, Mandy J.
Venkatesh, Arjun K.
Weinstein, Robert A.
,
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (75D30120C08008)
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Article History
Received: 15 November 2025
Accepted: 26 December 2025
First Online: 22 January 2026
Declarations
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: The study was approved by the institutional review boards at all eight institutions (Rush University Institutional Review Board #20030902-IRB01; Thomas Jefferson University Institutional Review Board #20P.1150; University of California Los Angeles Institutional Review Board #20–001683; University of California San Francisco Institutional Review Board #20–32222; UTHealth Committee for the Protection of Human Subjects #HSC-MS-20–0981; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Institutional Review Board #STU-2020–1352; University of Washington Institutional Review Board #STUDY00009920; Yale University Institutional Review Board #2000027976). All study participants provided written informed consent to participate. This study adheres to the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
