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Article History

Received: 6 August 2024

Accepted: 29 December 2025

First Online: 13 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This work was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital (2023120-001), and written informed consent was obtained from all participants through electronic questionnaires prior to data collection. This work has been carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (2000) of the World Medical Association. The study was conducted in accordance with applicable guidelines and regulations.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.