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Article History

Received: 10 April 2025

Accepted: 30 December 2025

First Online: 10 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The PMA Ethiopia survey dataset is a publicly accessible resource that complies with stringent ethical standards in line with the Declaration of Helsinki. Before data collection, informed consent was secured from all participating households. For illiterate respondents, witnessed verbal consent procedures were employed to ensure understanding and voluntary participation. To safeguard privacy, personally identifiable information (PII) was eliminated, and geographic identifiers were aggregated to the regional level to prevent the identification of individuals or specific communities. The study protocol was designed to ensure that no vulnerable populations, such as refugees or ethnic minorities, were disproportionately burdened or excluded. The PMA Ethiopia survey project officially authorized the use of the de-identified dataset through its legal registration and data access agreements. This open-access framework enhances transparency and reproducibility while ensuring the confidentiality of participants is maintained.

: Not applicable. No identifying details, images, or personal information of participants are included in this manuscript. All data were anonymized before analysis, and no individual consent for publication was required.

: The authors declare no competing interests.