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Authors
Mbong, Eta Ngole
Perera, Shiromi M.
Garbern, Stephanie C.
Makali, Samuel Lwamushi
Germano, Emma R.
Ombeni, Arsene Baleke
Levine, Adam C.
Muhayangabo, Rigobert Fraterne
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (NU2GGH002058)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (NU2GGH002058)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (NU2GGH002058)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (NU2GGH002058)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (NU2GGH002058)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (NU2GGH002058)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (NU2GGH002058)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (NU2GGH002058)
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Article History
Received: 25 December 2024
Accepted: 30 December 2025
First Online: 13 January 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical principles outlined in the Helsinki declaration on human subjects research guided the conduction of the study. Ethical approval was obtained from the University of Kinshasa School of Public Health Ethics Committee (Protocol #203–2020). Verbal informed consent was obtained from all participants and documented electronically, due to low literacy rates and the need to limit physical contact during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participation was anonymous, voluntary, and uncompensated.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
