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Authors
Zhang, Qi
Lin, Jianlin
Zhou, Shaofeng
Ruan, Xinglin
Wu, Jing
Ruan, Shiwei
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Article History
Received: 27 September 2025
Accepted: 30 December 2025
First Online: 9 January 2026
Declarations
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: This study used data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). The CHARLS study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Peking University (IRB number: IRB00001052-11015). All participants signed written informed consent prior to the survey.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
