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Authors
Singha, Subhankar https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5215-0112
Sarkar, Apurba https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3073-8842
Agarwalla, Abhishek https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0118-3878
Barman, Bikash https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6158-1038
Chouhan, Pradip https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5500-2842
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Article History
Received: 16 June 2025
Accepted: 2 January 2026
First Online: 12 January 2026
Declarations
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: This study is based on secondary data available in the public domain. Anyone can access the data without any legal or ethical considerations. Therefore, there is no ethical approval is required for this study as this study did not involve human or animal participants directly. The protocol for the NFHS-5 survey, including the content of all the survey questionnaires, was approved by the IIPS Institutional Review Board and the ICF Institutional Review Board. The protocol was also reviewed by the U.S. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).The IIPS and ICF provided ethical approval for conducting the NFHS-5 survey. Also, informed consent was provided to the participants before undertaking the survey.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
