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Article History

Received: 13 September 2024

Accepted: 2 January 2026

First Online: 20 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The CFPS project is a research project involving people conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. In order to guarantee the rights and interests of the respondents taking part in the project to get the greatest degree of protection, the Institute of Social Science Survey (ISSS) follows the rules of “Peking university biomedical ethics committee” on a regular basis to submit an application for ethical review or continuous review, and in compliance with the approved for ethical review of cases to carry out the corresponding data collection work.Ethics Approval: The CFPS project has received ethical approval from the Biomedical Ethics Committee of Peking University (IRB00001052-14010).Human Ethics: Not applicable, as this study uses publicly available, de-identified secondary data from the CFPS, which was originally approved by the Biomedical Ethics Committee of Peking University.Consent to Participate: Not applicable, as no new participants were recruited; original CFPS participants provided informed consent during data collection.

: Not applicable since the dataset used in the study is publicly available.

: The authors declare no competing interests.