Document is current

Article History

Received: 28 December 2024

Accepted: 4 January 2026

First Online: 14 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The study is exempt from ethics approval as it involves the secondary analysis of publicly accessible data. The incident reports are anonymous and have already been redacted of identifying information prior to publication.

: Not applicable.

: EM is currently employed by the Overseas Services to Survivors of Torture and Trauma (OSSTT). OSSTT is a non-governmental, not-for-profit organisation established to provide specialist counselling and support to refugees and asylum seekers held in offshore detention in Nauru and Papua New Guinea. OSSTT also provides training to other service providers and education to local host communities on understanding and responding to the needs of torture and trauma survivors.KH is the founder and Director of Community-Minded Psychological Services, a private practice for people from immigrant, asylum seeking, and refugee backgrounds, which has received funding from the Australian government to provide psychological services to asylum seekers.KH receives personal fees from the Cabrini Asylum Seeker and Refugee Health Hub to provide clinical assessment and psychological support to asylum seekers released from Australian immigration detention. KH has previously received personal fees from Settlement Services International to provide clinical assessment and psychological support for asylum seekers released from Australian immigration detention. KH has previously received personal fees from the Victorian Foundation for Survivors of Torture to provide psychological support to people from asylum seeking and refugee backgrounds, and from the Australian government’s Department of Home Affairs to conduct independent mental health assessments and provide psychological reports for asylum seekers medically evacuated from offshore immigration detention. She has also received personal fees from the Nordic Refugee Determination: Advancing Data Science in Migration Law project, funded by NordForsk. The views expressed here are her own, and those of her co-authors.LS- the author declares they have no competing interests.RB- the author declares they have no competing interests.