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Authors
Zhang, Huiying
Lu, Xing
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Basic Research Project for Higher Education Institutions of the Liaoning Provincial Department of Education, China (LJ132510176002)
Basic Research Project for Higher Education Institutions of the Liaoning Provincial Department of Education, China (LJ132510176002)
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Article History
Received: 7 November 2025
Accepted: 5 January 2026
First Online: 20 January 2026
Declarations
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: The study strictly adheres to the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. It does not involve any invasive experimental procedures or physiological interventions. As a minimal-risk research project, it qualifies for exemption from ethical review and has received an official exemption from the corresponding author’s affiliated institution. All participants provided explicit informed consent prior to completing the questionnaire.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
