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Authors
Nsawotebba, Andrew
Nabadda, Susan
Ssewanyana, Isaac
Hull, Noah
Nakintu, Valeria
Morunyanga, Innocent
Magala, Jordan
Kabazzi, Jonathan
Onywera, Harris
Mutyaba, Samuel Jefferson
Akejo, Denis Smith
Makoha, Caroline
Dambya, Catherine
Katumba, Godfrey
Eliku, James Peter
Ssekyondwa, Steven
Kasujja, Ronald
Wayengera, Misaki
Agwang, Winnie
Bolding, Ashley
Ikoba, Sulaiman
Snyder, Sarah
Uragiwenimana, Vallence
Cham, Fatim
Otieno, Osborn
Ayitewala, Alisen
Muruta, Allan
Nabaasa, Herbert
Olaro, Charles
Atwine, Diana
Aceng, Jane Ruth
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (C19RM)
Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (C19RM)
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Article History
Received: 24 August 2025
Accepted: 7 January 2026
First Online: 20 January 2026
Declarations
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: Informed consent is not required for environmental wastewater samples. Permission to use the reported COVID-19 case data from Kampala was obtained from the Ministry of Health’s Division of Health Information. The Uganda National Health Laboratory Services Research Ethics Committee (UNHLS REC) reviewed and approved the use of aggregated surveillance data for this manuscript, along with a waiver of informed consent, since the data contained no personally identifiable information and posed no risk to the confidentiality or dignity of the reported cases. All procedures were carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, relevant institutional policies, and national regulations governing the secondary use of de-identified health data.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
