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Authors
Bigwanto, Mouhamad https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8436-5140
Utami, Putri Suryani https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0425-898X
Kowi, Umniyati
Solikin, Rama Tantra
Saragih, Benget
Rachmiaty, Rindu
Rogayah, Hanifah
Fardani, Sekar Astrika https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6414-7974
Shetye, Mrunal
Camellia, Artha https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0483-4742
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
UNICEF Indonesia
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Article History
Received: 9 October 2025
Accepted: 8 January 2026
First Online: 27 January 2026
Declarations
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: This study analyzed secondary data from the 2023–2024 Ministry of Health–UNICEF School-Based Smoking Prevention Program. Non-invasive biometric testing, including exhaled carbon monoxide measurement, including to students in the primary school, was conducted for health screening and educational purposes. As the data were de-identified and collected for programme purposes, additional ethics approval and participant consent were not required.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
