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Article History

Received: 20 October 2025

Accepted: 12 January 2026

First Online: 20 January 2026

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the Istanbul University Institute of Health Sciences (Approval No. E-99984023–300-2448913, dated 01.03.2024). Institutional permission to conduct the study at Karabük University was granted by the Karabük University Rectorate, General Secretariat (Approval No. E-78436549–044-322151, dated 19.02.2024). The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki ( ). Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. Confidentiality was ensured by using unique identifiers for each respondent, and no identifying information such as names or home addresses was collected. Participants were free to withdraw from the study at any time without penalty.

: All participants gave informed consent for their anonymized data to be used in publications.

: The authors declare no competing interests.