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Authors
Zhou, Xianwei
Zhang, Xinying
Yang, Zhiqing
Ma, Yuanyuan
Chen, Yiyi
Li, Kefeng
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministry of Education, Department of Social Sciences (21YJC890046)
Ministry of Education, Department of Social Sciences (21YJC890046)
Ministry of Education, Department of Social Sciences (21YJC890046)
Ministry of Education, Department of Social Sciences (21YJC890046)
Ministry of Education, Department of Social Sciences (21YJC890046)
Ministry of Education, Department of Social Sciences (21YJC890046)
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Article History
Received: 11 June 2025
Accepted: 13 January 2026
First Online: 23 January 2026
Declarations
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: The conduct of this study has been approved by the teachers and principals of the participating schools. All participating adolescents and their parents or guardians were informed that participants are volunteers in this survey. Oral informed consent was obtained from all parents or guardians or teachers before the collection of data and active consent was obtained from all participants, this data collection plan was approved by the Ethics Review Committee of Jishou University. Ethics approval was also obtained for this survey from the Ethics Review Committee of Jishou University. procedures conducted in this study conform to the norms of the National Research Council and to the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or equivalent ethical standards.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
