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Article History

Received: 1 September 2025

Accepted: 19 January 2026

First Online: 30 January 2026

Declarations

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: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki for research involving human participants. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Research Ethics Committee (IREC) of the Durban University of Technology, South Africa, and from the Ethical Review Committee of the University of Eastern Africa, Baraton, Kenya. Additional authorization to conduct the study in Kenya was granted by the Ministry of Education in Uasin Gishu County and the National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation (NACOSTI). IREC Ethical Clearance number was (IREC 113/23).All participants were informed about the purpose, procedures, potential risks, and benefits of the study prior to their involvement. Written informed consent was obtained from each participant before data collection. Participation was voluntary, and individuals were assured of their right to withdraw from the study at any time without penalty. Confidentiality and anonymity were maintained by avoiding the collection of personal identifiers and by securely storing all data accessible only to the research team. No clinical interventions were undertaken as part of this research.

: The research paper does not contain any individual, personal data in any form. No consent for publication needed. Consent for publication is not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.