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Article History

Received: 13 October 2025

Accepted: 19 January 2026

First Online: 26 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, with approval granted by the Ethical Review Committee at Peking University (IRB00001052-11015). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to enrollment.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.