Balla, Shalem https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7368-3170
Kim, Rockli https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9864-3957
Saunik, Sujata https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6641-0721
Subramanian, S. V. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2365-4165
Funding for this research was provided by:
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-002992)
Article History
Received: 18 December 2024
Accepted: 19 January 2026
First Online: 6 February 2026
Declarations
:
: The Institutional Review Board of the International Institute for Population Studies approved the data collection for both rounds of the NFHS included in this study. This project does not meet the regulatory criteria for human subjects research as defined by the Harvard Longwood campus, so rendering it exempt from review.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.