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Authors
Bovell-Ammon, Benjamin J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4564-6705
Onofrey, Shauna
Kimmel, Simeon D. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5029-9384
Wurcel, Alysse G. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8255-8387
Klevens, R. Monina
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute on Drug Abuse (T32DA013911)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (K23DA054363)
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (T32AI052074)
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Article History
Received: 31 October 2024
Accepted: 22 January 2026
First Online: 30 January 2026
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Massachusetts Department of Public Health. The data analyzed in this study was collected by the Massachusetts Department of Public Health from community-dwelling participants as part of the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance (NHBS) program, supported by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Participation was anonymous and voluntary. Verbal informed consent was obtained from every participant before administration of the survey and performance of the HIV test. Financial incentives were offered for completion of the survey, HIV test, and recruitment of additional participants, respectively. After completion, participants were informed of their HIV test results and (if indicated) referred to treatment or other services while maintaining their anonymity with respect to NHBS participation.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
