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Authors
Hu, Xianjing
Yu, Miao
Li, Guifang
Zhang, Heli
Chen, Hongbo
Li, Baohua
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Article History
Received: 13 October 2025
Accepted: 23 January 2026
First Online: 12 February 2026
Declarations
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: This analysis used anonymized data from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA), which was approved by the London Multicentre Research Ethics Committee (MREC/01/2/91) and conducted in line with the Declaration of Helsinki. All ELSA participants provided informed consent.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
