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Authors
Assavanopakun, Pheerasak https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3929-5585
Jarernwong, Kannika https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4327-7654
Sampattagul, Sate https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4167-416X
Panumasvivat, Jinjuta https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0479-4923
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Article History
Received: 1 August 2025
Accepted: 27 January 2026
First Online: 5 February 2026
Declarations
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: This study was reviewed and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, under the Exemption Category. The approval study number is COM-2567-0045. All procedures were performed in compliance with ethics committee guidelines. The requirement for informed consent was waived, as approved under the Exemption Category outlined in the announcement of the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University dated 29 May 2020. This waiver was granted due to the use of anonymized secondary data derived from the annual public health reports provided by the Provincial Public Health Office.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
