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Authors
Mshamu, Salum
Adhikari, Bipin
Meta, Judith
Halifa, Salma
von Seidlein, Lorenz
Vallières, Frédérique
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Hanako Foundation, Singapore
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Article History
Received: 11 October 2025
Accepted: 27 January 2026
First Online: 7 February 2026
Declarations
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: This study is part of the Star Homes project and its protocol. The study was approved by the National Research Ethics Committee of Tanzania on 17 June 2021 (reference NIMR/HQ/R.8a/Vol.IX/3695) and the Oxford Tropical Research Ethics Committee on 2 July 2020 (reference #533–20). The approval was renewed on 16th June 2025. All respondents provided written informed consent to participate in the study.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
