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Authors
Xiong, Wenxiao
Li, Wanxin
Xue, Jiaoping
Zhang, Leyi
Li, Jing
Ma, Sanqiao
Zhang, Yanbo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9461-4163
Tian, Jing https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0306-1947
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Nature Science Foundation of China (82574211)
The Shanxi Science and Technology Innovation Talent Team Project (202204051001026)
Fund Program for the Scientific Activities of Selected Returned Overseas Professionals in Shanxi Province (20210022)
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Article History
Received: 24 October 2025
Accepted: 29 January 2026
First Online: 6 February 2026
Declarations
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: The China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethics Review Board of Peking University (IRB00001052-11015). All participants provided written informed consent prior to participation.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Not applicable.
