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Authors
Kou, Yanqi
Huang, Zhe
Ye, Shicai
Yu, Sitong
Yin, Wanyi
Yang, Junyi
Zhong, Yanxuan
Qin, Ling
Yang, Ke
Huang, Yujie
Zhang, Qing
Ran, Rui
Huang, Huiqi
Jiang, Wantong
Yang, Yuping
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Article History
Received: 11 October 2025
Accepted: 4 February 2026
First Online: 13 February 2026
Declarations
:
: The China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) was approved by the Biomedical Ethics Committee of Peking University (IRB00001052-11015). All participants in the original CHARLS survey provided written informed consent. The current secondary data analysis was exempt from additional ethical approval as it utilized publicly available, de-identified data.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
