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Authors
Zhang, Jiahao
Jiang, Shuai
Huang, Linghua
Ling, Ken
Tang, Zhicheng
Wang, Juan
Cong, Han
Wu, Haoliang
Qian, Yuxin
He, Zhaohui
Tang, Fucai
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Guangdong Province Science and Technology Innovation Strategic Special Foundation (pdjh2025bk011)
Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (2025A1515010493)
Shenzhen Science and Technology Program (ZDSYS20220606100801004 and JCYJ20250604142718023)
The Key Department of Urology, Futian District, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China (QZDZK202414)
The project of the Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University (GCCRCYJ010)
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Article History
Received: 10 December 2025
Accepted: 6 February 2026
First Online: 17 February 2026
Declarations
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: The UK Biobank has full ethical approval from the North West Multi-Center Research Ethics Committee, the National Information Governance Board for Health and Social Care in England and Wales, and the Community Health Index Advisory Group in Scotland (REC reference: 21/NW/0157, IRAS project ID: 299116). The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants were informed about the purpose of the study, assured of confidentiality, and provided written consent prior to participation. Participation was voluntary, and respondents could withdraw at any time without consequence ( ).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
