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Article History

Received: 30 July 2025

Accepted: 9 February 2026

First Online: 12 February 2026

Declarations

:

: This study involved analysis of anonymized, publicly available data, accessed with approval (2019–21 Ver. 2.2) from KHPS at https://www.khp.re.kr:444/eng/main.do. Approval to access and use the data for this study was obtained from KIHASA and NHIS (approval date: October 8, 2024). This study adhered to the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki for studies involving human participants. In the KHPS, written informed consent was provided by all participants or their legal representatives. The KHPS adheres to strict protocols to ensure participant autonomy and confidentiality.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.