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Authors
Kiri, Janet
Severi, Katherine
Brandt, Valerie
Boniface, Sadie
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Article History
Received: 24 October 2025
Accepted: 10 February 2026
First Online: 12 March 2026
Declarations
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: The current study used secondary data from the Health Survey for England (HSE) 2019 and HSE 2021. Access to the anonymised dataset was obtained through the UK Data Archive. Participants provided informed consent before participation in the study and for their data to be made publicly available for secondary analysis. This study obtained ethics approval from the University of Southampton ethnics committee (ERGO: 98296).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
