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Article History

Received: 29 July 2024

Accepted: 10 February 2026

First Online: 17 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The Chronic Disease and Risk Factor Surveillance 2010–2015 was approved by the Ethical Review Committee of the National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (No. 201010, No. 201307 and No. 201519-A), all participants signed informed consent. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations (declaration of Helsinki).The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due to privacy and ethical restrictions. Access to the de-identified data underlying this study requires permission from the Department of Non-communicable Chronic Disease Control, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Researchers interested in accessing the data may contact the corresponding author to submit a formal request.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.