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Authors
Rotheram, Suzanne
Clayton, Stephen
Hungerford, Dan
Barr, Ben
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
NIHR HPRU in Gastrointestinal Infections (NIHR200910)
NIHR Applied Research Collaboration Northwest Coast (NIHR200182)
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Article History
Received: 30 July 2025
Accepted: 10 February 2026
First Online: 5 March 2026
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the University of Liverpool Ethics Committee (Reference 9927). The University of Liverpool ethics policy and principles are built in accordance to the ‘Declaration of Helsinki’. As per the ethics approval, all participants gave informed, written consent before taking part in the research.
: Not applicable (all data anonymised).
: SR was funded by the National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Gastrointestinal Infections at the University of Liverpool. DH has received grants from Seqirus and Merck & Co, honorariums from Merck Sharp and Dohme and consulted for Merck & Co. Funders had no role in the research design, collection, analysis or interpretation of data, in the writing of the article or the decision to submit the publication. SC and BB have no competing interests to declare.
