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Authors
Abbani, Abubakar Yakubu
Sawangdee, Yothin
Widyastari, Dyah Anantalia
Hunchangsith, Pojjana
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Mahidol University
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Article History
Received: 14 November 2025
Accepted: 10 February 2026
First Online: 17 February 2026
Declarations
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: The National Population Commission obtained ethical approval for the Nigerian DHS from the Health Research and Ethics Committee under the Federal Ministry of Health in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The datasets are freely available for public use on the DHS program website after approval, which we obtained. Also, the Institutional Review Board of the Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University, Thailand, certified that our study does not involve human participants and granted an exemption certificate (COE. No. 2023/11–220).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
