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Authors
Fagerlund, Pi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5889-7805
Valkonen, Jatta https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7880-834X
Kalima, Mari-Liis https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8988-0135
Miettinen, Teemu
Svärd, Anna C. https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9150-9871
Lallukka, Tea https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3841-3129
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
University of Helsinki
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Article History
Received: 5 June 2025
Accepted: 12 February 2026
First Online: 17 February 2026
Declarations
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: The Helsinki Health Study protocol received a favorable statement from the ethical board of the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Helsinki (01/2017) and was approved by the City of Helsinki (updated approval in 2017, decision nr. HEL 2017–004490). Participation has been voluntary, and the respondents have by participating in the Helsinki Health Study agreed to the questionnaire data being used for scientific research purpose. Information about the use of the data for research was provided in the cover letter to the questionnaire. Informed consent to combining questionnaire data with register data was obtained separately. The Helsinki Health Study’s website contains publicly available information on handling of the data including the data protection statement with details on giving consent and all the legalities concerning personal data processing . Respondents have the possibility to withdraw from the Helsinki Health Study at any point.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Not applicable.
