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Authors
Haruna, Esther Godiya
Madaki, Polycarp Dauda
Udechukwu, Collins Chimezie
Tauna, Kalat Haruna
Jolayemi, Kelvin Olutimilehin
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Article History
Received: 15 August 2025
Accepted: 12 February 2026
First Online: 17 February 2026
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in full compliance with the ethical principles outlined in the World Medical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki (2024 update), which provides guidelines for medical research involving human participants. The study received approval from the Health Research Ethics Committee, Ministry of Health, Kaduna State, Nigeria, with the approval number: MOH/ADM/744/VOL.1/1110061/NHREC/17/03/2018. This study involved retrospective analysis of routinely collected rabies surveillance data and did not require direct recruitment of human participants. Data were anonymized prior to analysis. Where applicable, informed consent was obtained by health or veterinary officers at the time of routine reporting of animal bite incidents, in accordance with standard surveillance procedures.
: Not Applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
