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Article History

Received: 14 July 2025

Accepted: 15 February 2026

First Online: 12 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Ethics approval was provided by the Deakin University Human Ethics Advisory Group HEAG-H 84_2024. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in this study.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests but do have the following declarations. SM has received funding for gambling research from the Victorian Responsible Gambling Foundation, VicHealth, Department of Social Services, ACT Gambling and Racing Commission, and Deakin University. HP has received funding for gambling research from the Australian Research Council, Victorian Responsible Gambling Foundation, VicHealth, NSW Office of Responsible Gambling, Department of Social Services, ACT Gambling and Racing Commission, and Deakin University. GA has received funding for gambling research from the ACT Gambling and Racing Commission and VicHealth. ST has received funding for gambling research from the Australian Research Council, Victorian Responsible Gambling Foundation, VicHealth, NSW Office of Responsible Gambling, Department of Social Services, ACT Gambling and Racing Commission, Healthway, and Deakin University. She holds the position of Editor-in-Chief for Health Promotion International.