Lutz, Chelsea S.
Zhang, Haijun
Knoll, Maria Deloria
Sparrow, Erin G.
Chen, Huiyao
Feikin, Daniel R.
Funding for this research was provided by:
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-005318)
Article History
Received: 5 November 2025
Accepted: 17 February 2026
First Online: 24 February 2026
Declarations
:
: Not applicable.
: CSL conducted the majority of the work for this study while a doctoral candidate at Johns Hopkins University and as a paid consultant at the World Health Organization. At the time of publication, she is employed by Pfizer, Inc. HZ reports grants from WHO during the conduct of this study. All other authors declare no competing interests.