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Authors
Huerta, Miguel Á. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2842-0085
Moral-Munoz, Jose A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6465-982X
Katsuki, Masahito https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0192-5430
Matsumori, Yasuhiko https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5852-0146
Salazar, Alejandro https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9567-462X
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universidad de Cadiz
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Article History
Received: 3 January 2026
Accepted: 17 February 2026
First Online: 27 February 2026
Declarations
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: This study is based on secondary data obtained from the Spanish National Institute of Statistics (INE), which are publicly available and fully anonymized. In accordance with Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 (General Data Protection Regulation) and Organic Law 3/2018 (Ley Orgánica de Protección de Datos Personales y Garantía de los Derechos Digitales - LOPDGDD), the principles of data protection do not apply to anonymous information, even when used for statistical or research purposes. Therefore, the use of these data does not require the approval of an accredited ethics committee. Nonetheless, all standard ethical considerations were observed. The INE ensured that participants provided informed consent prior to their involvement in the original survey.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
