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Authors
Sun, Lin
Liu, Ruizhu
Zhang, Chunlu
Yao, Yuhan
Chen, Peng
Li, Longyun
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Jilin Province Science and Technology Development Plan (YDZJ202401278ZYTS)
Jilin Province Science and Technology Development Plan (YDZJ202401267ZYTS)
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Article History
Received: 27 August 2025
Accepted: 17 February 2026
First Online: 25 February 2026
Declarations
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: We utilized de-identified data from publicly available databases: CHARLS, ELSA and LASI. The ethical approval for this secondary analysis was waived as the original surveys obtained ethical clearance from their respective institutional review boards and informed consent from all participants. This secondary analysis strictly adheres to the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
