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Authors
Wangliu, Yiqi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9010-5305
Chen, Ji-Kang https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7762-3888
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Article History
Received: 5 November 2025
Accepted: 18 February 2026
First Online: 27 February 2026
Declarations
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: The Peking University Institutional Review Board (IRB00001052-13074) approved the study protocol. The board functions in accordance with international ethical standards, including the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants gave their informed consent at the time of the original CLHLS data collection. Since this study is a secondary analysis, it uses anonymized public-use data; hence no further consent was necessary.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
