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Authors
Lei, Tingming
Li, Dehua
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Postgraduate Scientific Research Innovation Project of Hunan Province (CX20240632)
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Article History
Received: 19 October 2025
Accepted: 19 February 2026
First Online: 24 February 2026
Declarations
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: No animal studies are presented in this manuscript. No potentially identifiable human images or data are presented in this study. Ethical approval for all the waves of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) was granted by the Institutional Review Board at Peking University. The IRB approval number is IRB00001052-11015. All participants in the CHARLS survey provided written informed consent before completing the interviews.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
