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Article History

Received: 1 December 2025

Accepted: 19 February 2026

First Online: 3 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Ethical review and approval were waived for this study due to the use of secondary de-identified publicly available data. The original CHNS survey received approval from the Institutional Review Boards at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the National Institute for Nutrition and Health (NINH) under the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CCDC). All participants provided written informed consent in the original survey.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.