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Article History

Received: 29 August 2025

Accepted: 23 February 2026

First Online: 6 March 2026

Declarations

:

: The data for this study were derived from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), a nationally representative survey of adults aged 45 and older. The study was conducted with the informed consent of all participants, who were provided with detailed information about the study objectives, procedures, potential risks and benefits, and their rights to withdraw from the study at any time without penalty. Written informed consent was obtained from each participant before the start of the study. The study received approval from the Institutional Review Board of Peking University (Code: IRB00001052-11015) and was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

: All participants provided written informed consent for the publication of anonymized data from the study. The consent form explicitly stated that the data collected would be used for research purposes and that any published results would not include any identifying information that could link the data to individual participants. The study adhered to strict confidentiality protocols to ensure the privacy and anonymity of all participants. The Institutional Review Board of Peking University (Code: IRB00001052-11015) reviewed and approved the consent form and the procedures for data publication.

: The authors declare no competing interests.