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Authors
Le, Tung
Gilleen, James
Lee, Amanda
Maharani, Asri
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Article History
Received: 21 November 2025
Accepted: 23 February 2026
First Online: 27 February 2026
Declarations
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: This study utilises anonymised data from the CHARLS, ensuring compliance with confidentiality and privacy regulations. Ethical approval for all CHARLS waves was granted by the Institutional Review Board at Peking University (IRB00001052-11015). The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from all participants before their involvement in the study.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
