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Authors
Zhang, Yukun Elliot https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4633-4319
Hu, Yan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6506-0694
Han, Shuyu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2506-6888
Zhang, Yue https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9929-6179
Chen, Ben https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9261-542X
Yang, Zhongfang https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4285-2873
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (71673057)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (72204006)
Nursing Research Foundation of Fudan University School of Nursing (FNSF202101)
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Article History
Received: 28 May 2025
Accepted: 26 February 2026
First Online: 4 March 2026
Declarations
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: The study was approved by the Fudan University School of Nursing Institutional Review Board [Reference number: IRB#2021-07-09].Informed consent was obtained from all participants. For participants who completed the paper-based questionnaire, written informed consent was obtained prior to data collection. For participants who completed the online survey, electronic informed consent was obtained; participants were required to read the participant information sheet and click a ‘consent’ checkbox before they could access the survey questions.The study adhered to the ethical guidelines of the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki, as updated in 2013 [ ], ensuring: (a) Prior to enrollment, all participants provided informed consent; (b) Participants had the freedom to withdraw from the study at any moment; (c) To ensure data integrity, each participant was given a unique identity code which was associated with their respective questionnaire; (d) The survey was carried out under strict confidentiality standards, with all data stored on a password-protected device.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
