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Authors
Mensah, Mavis O.
Adjetey, Ebenezer
Aryee, Lois M.D.
Arnold, Charles D.
Prado, Elizabeth L.
Hastings, Paul D.
Guyer, Amanda E.
Oaks, Brietta M.
Nti, Helena
Bentil, Helena J.
Fajardo, Jonnatan
Adu-Afarwuah, Seth
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Article History
Received: 25 July 2025
Accepted: 26 February 2026
First Online: 3 March 2026
Declarations
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: Ethics approval for the present study was obtained from the Ghana Health Service Ethics Review Committee (GHS-ERC: 027105119) and the Institutional Review Board of the University of California, Davis (IRB ID: 1489918). We obtained written informed consent from the caregivers for this study and assent from the adolescents as part of the follow-up study. The consenting procedure was done orally in any of the three local languages (Twi, Ewe, and Ga-Adangme) understood and spoken by the participants. Participants signed or thumb printed the consent and assent forms and were given a copy as evidence of consent. The study followed the principles outlined in the declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
