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Authors
Lin, Yi
Hu, Zeng-Bao
McDonald, Stuart
Ding, Ke-Qin
Bian, Guo-Lin
Gong, Qing-Hai
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ningbo Top Medical and Health Research Program (2023020713)
Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (LTGY24H260007)
Ningbo Public Welfare Science and Technology Key Project (2025S036)
Disease Control and Prevention of Zhejiang Provincial (2025JK070)
Science and Technology Plan Project of Ningbo (2022S077)
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Article History
Received: 5 November 2025
Accepted: 27 February 2026
First Online: 11 March 2026
Declarations
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: This study was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol and ethics were approved by Ningbo Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (No. 202201 Informed consent was obtained from all the participants. For those under 18 years of age, who are considered minors under Chinese law, additional informed consent was obtained from their parents or legal guardians, in accordance with national Guidelines for the Construction of Ethical Review Committees for Clinical Research Involving Human Beings (2023 edition) [ ]. Although participants aged 18–19 years are legally competent to provide informed consent independently under Chinese law, this study was conducted in collaboration with high schools that requested parental notification for all enrolled students. Consequently, parents or legal guardians were asked to provide written acknowledgment of the study, however, their approval was not required for the students’ participation.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
